[32], Langsdorff thought the two light cruisers were making a torpedo attack, and turned away under a smokescreen. She then turned north to the Halifax route, where on 9 October, she encountered the American ship City of Flint. [8], Deutschland on non-intervention patrol in 1938, In May 1937, the ship was docked in the port of Palma on the island of Majorca, along with several other neutral warships, including vessels from the British and Italian navies. [2] Ordered as Ersatz Braunschweig, Admiral Graf Spee replaced the old pre-dreadnought battleship Braunschweig. She was part of the celebrations for the reintegration of the port of Memel into Germany,[11] and a fleet review in honor of Admiral Miklós Horthy, the Regent of Hungary. The pocket battleships played an important role in the Second World War at sea – perhaps a disproportionately large role relative to their power and the cost of building and maintaining them. [lower-alpha 1] In 1940, she was renamed Lützow, after the Admiral Hipper class heavy cruiser Lützow was handed over to the Soviet Union. On 18 December, the ship, with only Langsdorff and 40 other men aboard, moved into the outer roadstead to be scuttled. The ship's top speed was 28 knots (52 km/h; 32 mph), at 54,000 shaft horsepower (40,000 kW). She was laid down at the Reichsmarinewerft shipyard in Wilhelmshavenin October 1932 an… The cargo ship transmitted an "RRR" signal ("I am under attack by a raider") before the cruiser ordered her to stop. While en route, she was torpedoed and seriously damaged by a British submarine. [10], On 24 August 1939, a week before the German invasion of Poland, Deutschland set sail from Wilhelmshaven, bound for a position south of Greenland. [2], Admiral Graf Spee's primary armament was six 28 cm (11 in) SK C/28 guns mounted in two triple gun turrets, one forward and one aft of the superstructure. The operation was in part being funded by the government of Uruguay, in part by the private sector as the wreck was a hazard to navigation. By this time, Admiral Graf Spee had cruised for almost 30,000 nautical miles (56,000 km; 35,000 mi) and needed an engine overhaul. Four days later Admiral Graf Spee's Arado located Booth Steam Ship Co's cargo ship Clement off the coast of Brazil. The Kit: This is an excellent little kit, exceeding I believe Tamiya's early waterline efforts. On the German side was the pocket battleship Graf Spee, while on the British side were HMS Ajax, HMS Exeter, HMNZS Achilles. [21] Newton Beech was too slow to keep up with Admiral Graf Spee, and so the prisoners were transferred to the cruiser. Steaming into the Oslofjord at a speed of 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph), the Germans came into range of the Norwegian guns; the 28 cm, 15 cm and 57 mm guns opened fire on the invaders. [14] A prize crew was dispatched to the ship; they took the ship with the original crew held prisoner to Germany via Murmansk. This battleship / Admiral Graf Spee was a Deutschland-class "Panzerschiff", nicknamed a "pocket battleship" by the British. The Allied press coined the moniker "pocket battleship," which stuck. Captain Robert Sherbrooke, the British escort commander, left two destroyers to cover the convoy while he took the remaining four to pursue Admiral Hipper. Gardiner, Robert; Chesneau, Roger, eds (1980). The Admiral Hipper-class cruiser Lützow was designated for sale to the Soviet Navy, and it was hoped that the usage of her name for Deutschland would hide the transaction. She made an official visit to Spain following the Nationalist victory in the Spanish Civil War 1939. [11] Deutschland was ordered to strictly observe prize rules, which required raiders to stop and search ships for contraband before sinking them, and to ensure that their crews are safely evacuated. [19], On the same day as the formation of the Anglo-French hunter groups, Admiral Graf Spee captured the steamer Newton Beech. By 10 May 1942, the ship was finally pronounced ready for action. Hildebrand, Hans H.; Röhr, Albert; Steinmetz, Hans-Otto (1993). Bad weather hampered her efforts, and she only sank or captured a handful of vessels before returning to Germany. Pocket battleships of the Deutschland class : Deutschland/Lützow, Admiral Scheer, Admiral Graf Spee Koop , Gerhard , Schmolke , Klaus-Peter The warships of the World War II era German Navy are among the most popular subject in naval history with an almost uncountable number of books devoted to them. The class comprised Deutschland, Hannover, Pommern, Schlesien, and Schleswig-Holstein. [29], On 30 December, Lützow, the heavy cruiser Admiral Hipper, and six destroyers left Narvik for Operation Regenbogen, an attack on convoy JW 51B, which was reported by German intelligence to be lightly escorted. At the outbreak of World War II, she was cruising the North Atlantic, prepared to attack Allied merchant traffic. Admiral Graf Spee was a Deutschland-class "Panzerschiff" (armored ship), nicknamed a "pocket battleship" by the British, which served with the Kriegsmarine of Nazi Germany during World War II. The ship's remaining ammunition supply was dispersed throughout the ship, in preparation for scuttling. Deutschland was ordered by the Reichsmarine from the Deutsche Werke shipyard in Kiel as Ersatz Preussen, as a replacement for the old battleship Preussen. Additionally, the Chesneau book has scrap view drawings and side view profiles of … [1], The ship also carried a pair of quadruple 53.3 cm (21.0 in) deck-mounted torpedo launchers placed on her stern. Find out why the Deutschland Class Pocket Battleship makes our top ten list! Lützow's forward gun turret was hit by one of the 15 cm rounds, which disabled the center gun and damaged the right barrel. The prisoners aboard Huntsman were transferred to Altmark and Langsdorff then sank Huntsman on the night of 17 October. [10], Following the outbreak of war between Germany and the Allies in September 1939, Adolf Hitler ordered the German Navy to begin commerce raiding against Allied merchant traffic. The British Admiralty immediately issued a warning to merchant shipping that a German surface raider was in the area. [13] By this time, Deutschland had moved south to hunt in the Bermuda-Azores sea lane. The German pocket battleships, or Panzerschiffe, struck fear into every navy in the world when they were developed and deployed in the 1930's. By the end of the war, her anti-aircraft battery had again been reorganized, consisting of six 4 cm (1.6 in) guns, ten 3.7 cm guns, and twenty-eight 2 cm guns. At 05:52, however, the ship was identified as HMS Exeter; she was accompanied by a pair of smaller warships, initially thought to be destroyers but quickly identified as Leander-class cruisers. Pocket battleship definition, a small heavily armed and armored warship serving as a battleship because of limitations imposed by treaty. A second shell struck the ship's deck and penetrated the upper and main armored decks; starting a fire in the cruiser's hospital and operating theater, killing two soldiers and severely wounding six others. [12] She also participated in extensive fleet maneuvers in German waters. The British cruisers turned toward Lützow and came under fire from both German cruisers. Sunk in the Kaiserfahrt in April 1945 by Royal Air Force (RAF) bombers, Lützow was used as a gun battery to support German troops fighting the Soviet Army until 4 May 1945, when she was disabled by her crew. [30], At 05:30 on the morning of 13 December 1939, lookouts spotted a pair of masts off the ship's starboard bow. She ran aground during a planned attack on convoy PQ 17, which necessitated another return to Germany for repairs. [38] A crowd of 20,000 watched as the scuttling charges were set; the crew was taken off by an Argentine tug and the ship was scuttled at 20:55. [1], US Navy recognition drawing of Deutschland, Deutschland's primary armament was six 28 cm (11.0 in) SK C/28 guns mounted in two triple gun turrets, one forward and one aft of the superstructure. The work was completed in Kiel by January 1944, after which she remained in the Baltic Sea to conduct training cruises for new naval personnel. Aware that surprise had been lost, the Germans broke off the surface attack and turned the destruction of PQ-17 over to the U-boats and Luftwaffe. [32] The respite allowed Exeter to withdraw from the action; by now, only one of her gun turrets was still in action, and she had suffered 61 dead and 23 wounded crew members. Meanwhile, on 14 October, Deutschland encountered and sank the Norwegian transport Lorentz W Hansen,[10] of some 1,918 GRT. The ship participated in a major fleet exercise into the Atlantic with her sister Admiral Graf Spee, the light cruisers Köln, Leipzig, and Nürnberg, and several destroyers, U-boats, and support vessels. [19] The refit lasted until March 1940,[17] after which it was intended to send the ship on another commerce raiding operation into the South Atlantic. [23], The damage Lützow sustained prompted the Kriegsmarine to order her to return to Germany for repairs. The Admiral Graf Spee was instructed to strictly adhere to prize rules, which required raiders to stop and search ships for contraband before sinking them, and to ensure that their crews are safely evacuated. Her duties during the deployment included evacuating refugees fleeing from the fighting, protecting German ships carrying supplies for Francisco Franco's Nationalists, and gathering intelligence for the Nationalists. [2] The ship also carried a pair of quadruple 53.3 cm (21 in) deck-mounted torpedo tubes placed on her stern. The ship had a design displacement of 12,630 t (12,430 long tons; 13,920 short tons) and a full load displacement of 14,290 long tons (14,520 t),[1] though the ship was officially stated to be within the 10,000 long tons (10,000 t) limit of the Treaty of Versailles. The British aircraft carriers HMS Hermes, Eagle, and Ark Royal, the French aircraft carrier Béarn, the British battlecruiser Renown, and French battleships Dunkerque and Strasbourg, and 16 cruisers were committed to the hunt. [25] Despite the setback, KzS August Thiele, Lützow's commander, was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross for his actions during the Battle of Drøbak Sound, during which he took command of the task force after the loss of Blücher. With the construction of the first Deutschland class ‘pocket battleship’, the German Navy had broken new ground. [41] On 10 February 2006, the 2 m (6 ft 7 in), 400 kilograms (880 lb) eagle and swastika crest of Admiral Graf Spee was recovered from the stern of the ship;[42] it was stored in a Uruguayan naval warehouse following German complaints about exhibiting "Nazi paraphernalia". [34] Under Article 17 of the Hague Convention of 1907, neutrality restrictions limited Admiral Graf Spee to a period of 72 hours for repairs in Montevideo, before she would be interned for the duration of the war. Actually, they are equivalent to armoured cruisers of an exceptionally powerful type." On 12 December, the ship's Arado 196 broke down and could not be repaired, depriving Graf Spee of her aerial reconnaissance. About the … First, renaming the ship would confuse Allied intelligence; Raeder also recognized the propaganda value of the sinking of a ship that bore the name of its country. According to historians Erich Gröner and M. J. Whitley, the Soviet Navy raised the ship in September 1947 and broke her up for scrap in 1948–1949. This ship served with the Kriegsmarine of Nazi Germany during World War II. [5], Deutschland was 186 meters (610 ft) long overall and had a beam of 20.69 m (67.9 ft) and a maximum draft of 7.25 m (23.8 ft). [35], Lützow, sunk in the Kaiserfahrt, on 26 April, Hitler was furious over the failure to destroy the convoy, and ordered that all remaining German major warships be broken up for scrap. The British had been surprised by the accuracy of the gunnery and expected to find a radar range finder, which they did. [34], After arriving in port, the wounded crewmen were taken to local hospitals and the dead were buried with full military honors. Between August 1936 and May 1937, the ship conducted three patrols off Spain. [36] The water was shallow enough that her main deck was still 2 m (6 ft 7 in) above water, permitting her use as a stationary gun battery against advancing Soviet forces. [32], As a result of battle damage and casualties, Langsdorff decided to put into Montevideo, where repairs could be effected and the wounded men could be evacuated from the ship. Langsdorff ordered both vessels to depart at high speed, successfully evading the British cruiser. The crew effected emergency repairs that allowed her to return to Germany; repair work in Kiel lasted for six months. She continued in this role until 4 May,[5] by which time she had expended her main battery ammunition. [25] The rest of Group 5 remained in Norway,[26] so Lützow cruised at top speed to avoid submarines. This battleship / Admiral Graf Spee was a Deutschland-class “Panzerschiff”, nicknamed a “pocket battleship” by the British. [8], Following the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936, Deutschland and Admiral Scheer were deployed to the Spanish coast on 23 July 1936 to conduct non-intervention patrols off the Republican-held coast of Spain. This class of ships were often referred to as "pocket battleship" - vessels smaller than a conventional battleship though bigger than any ocean-going cruiser at the time. Admiral Scheer [ˌatmiˈʁaːl ʃeːɐ̯] was a Deutschland-class heavy cruiser (often termed a pocket battleship) which served with the Kriegsmarine of Nazi Germany during World War II.The vessel was named after Admiral Reinhard Scheer, German commander in the Battle of Jutland.She was laid down at the Reichsmarinewerft shipyard in Wilhelmshaven in June 1931 and completed by … The ship accidentally started sliding down the slipway while Brüning was giving his christening speech. [3] After the completion of fitting out work, initial sea trials began in November 1932. [23] At the end of October, Langsdorff sailed his ship into the Indian Ocean south of Madagascar. The harsh conditions negatively affected her shooting, which ceased by 12:03 without any hits. The main battery turrets had 140 mm (5.5 in) thick faces and 80 mm thick sides. [10], After the conclusion of the Review, Admiral Graf Spee returned to Spain for a fourth non-intervention patrol. [31], Lützow meanwhile steamed toward the convoy from the south, and at 11:42 she opened fire. The Admiralty broadcast a series of signals, on frequencies known to be intercepted by German intelligence. In 1938, the 8.8 cm guns were removed, and six 10.5 cm (4.1 in) L/65 guns, four 3.7 cm (1.5 in) SK C/30 guns, and ten 2 cm (0.79 in) C/30 guns were installed in their place. [18] Force G, commanded by Commodore Henry Harwood and assigned to the east coast of South America, comprised the cruisers Cumberland and Exeter. The Deutschland conducted several non-intervention patrols off the coast of Spain during the Civil War (1936-1939). [15] The cruiser then fired 30 rounds from her 28 cm and 15 cm guns and two torpedoes at the cargo ship, which broke up and sank. Unable to accommodate the crew from Huntsman, Admiral Graf Spee sent the ship to a rendezvous location with a prize crew. Langsdorff was ordered to avoid combat, even with inferior opponents, and to frequently change position. Soon after the outbreak of the conflict in 1939, the Lutzow and Graf Spee were dispatched to the Atlantic to begin hunting the merchant vessels carrying vital supplies to sustain Britain during the war, and after surviving a British air attack that cost the RAF four bombers and did minimal dam… The Admiralty complained about the large sum paid for the salvage rights. The Deutschland class was a group of five pre-dreadnought battleships built for the German Kaiserliche Marine. Deutschland (later renamed Lützow), Admiral Scheer and Admiral Graf Spee were simply termed panzerschiffe (armored ships) by the Germans, but they were known to their opponents by the far more evocative term Pocket Battleships. [27], She was recommissioned for service on 31 March 1941, after which the Kriegsmarine initially planned to send the ship on the commerce raiding operation planned the previous year. ", Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in December 1939, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_cruiser_Admiral_Graf_Spee&oldid=1006060275, Military units and formations of Nazi Germany in the Spanish Civil War, World War II shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean, World War II shipwrecks in the South Atlantic, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 10 February 2021, at 20:43. Even before the outbreak of WW2, 21 U-boats and the pocket-battleships Admiral Graf Spee and Deutschland had sailed into the Atlantic Ocean to wait for a conflict with Great Britain and France in this large sea area. On 8 October, the following day, she sank Newton Beech,[20] which Langsdorff had been using to house prisoners. Built between 1903 and 1908, the ships closely resembled those of the preceding Braunschweig class, though they had stronger armor protection. Believing the British reports, Langsdorff discussed his options with commanders in Berlin. Four of the other five destroyers escorting the convoy rushed to join the fight, while Achates laid a smoke screen to cover the convoy. The German pocket battleships, or Panzerschiffe, struck fear into every navy in the world when they were developed and deployed in the 1930's. Ajax and Achilles moved closer to Admiral Graf Spee to relieve the pressure on Exeter. Regardless, the British submarine HMS Spearfish attacked the ship and scored a serious hit. The torpedo destroyed Lützow's stern, causing it to collapse and nearly fall off, and blew off her steering gear. The purpose of that foray was to divert Allied warships away from the South Atlantic, and to confuse the Allies about his intentions. Kongsdal would eventually report to the British Royal Navy the incident and confirm Deutschland as the raider operating in the North Atlantic. The ship had a design displacement of 14,890 t (14,650 long tons) and a full load displacement of 16,020 long tons (16,280 t),[2] though the ship was officially stated to be within the 10,000-long-ton (10,160 t) limit of the Treaty of Versailles. Deutschland was the lead ship of her class of heavy cruisers (often termed a pocket battleship) which served with the Kriegsmarine of Nazi Germany during World War II. The ship was also ordered to avoid combat with even inferior naval forces, as commerce disruption was the primary objective. During the attack on Norway, the ship suffered nineteen dead, and another fifteen were killed by the torpedo strike. Two days later, she encountered and sank the merchant ship Ashlea. Deutschland was laid down at the Deutsche Werke shipyard in Kiel on 5 February 1929, under the contract name Panzerschiff A, as a replacement for the old battleship Preussen. [14], On 11 September, while still transferring supplies from Altmark, Admiral Graf Spee's Arado floatplane spotted the British heavy cruiser HMS Cumberland approaching the two German ships. The supply ship Westerwald was assigned to support Deutschland during the operation. Authenticast Comet … [17] Grand Admiral Erich Raeder, the commander in chief of the Kriegsmarine, made the decision to rename the ship, for several reasons. On 15 October, Admiral Graf Spee rendezvoused with Altmark to refuel and transfer prisoners; the following morning, the prize Huntsman joined the two ships. They used the knowledge thus acquired to try to develop countermeasures, under the leadership of Fred Hoyle at the British radar project. [9], Deutschland quickly weighed anchor and left port. She briefly returned to Norway, but by the end of September 1943, a thorough overhaul was required. [4] The ship was commissioned into the Reichsmarine on 1 April 1933. He knew that although Uruguay was neutral, the government was on friendly terms with Britain and if he allowed his ship to be interned, the Uruguayan Navy would allow British intelligence officers access to the ship. The ships weighed in at 13,200 tons standard, and 14,218 tons under full load. Admiral Graf Spee was 186 meters (610 ft) long overall and had a beam of 21.65 m (71 ft) and a maximum draft of 7.34 m (24 ft 1 in). "KM Admiral Graf Spee". [7], The ship conducted a series of long distance training voyages into the Atlantic in 1935. In protest, Raeder resigned; Hitler replaced him with Admiral Karl Dönitz, who persuaded Hitler to rescind the order to dismantle the Kriegmarine's surface ships. [9] Two bombs struck the ship; the first penetrated the upper deck near the bridge and exploded above the main armored deck while the second hit near the third starboard 15 cm gun, causing serious fires below decks. [16] In the course of her raiding mission, she sank only two vessels and captured a third. [28], Lützow left Germany on 15 May 1942 for Norway; by 25 May she had joined Admiral Scheer in Bogen Bay. Between 18 April and 17 May 1939, she conducted another cruise into the Atlantic, stopping in the ports of Ceuta and Lisbon. A third struck her superstructure behind the port-side aircraft crane. Between September and December 1939, the warship sank nine vessels totaling 50,089 gross register tons (GRT), before being confronted by three British cruisers at the Battle of the River Plate on 13 December. Admiral Scheer was the second of the three Deutschland class heavy cruisers ordered and funded by the Reichsmarine of the Weimar Republic in 1926. She returned to Norway in early November with a destroyer escort, arriving in Narvik on the 12th. In March, Lützow moved to Altafjord, where she experienced problems with her diesel engines. She was laid down at the Reichsmarinewerft shipyard in Wilhelmshaven in October 1932 and completed by January 1936. Lützow in Kiel after being torpedoed on her way back from Norway. I would suggest saving your money and spending more to find a copy of 'Pocket Battleships of the Deutschland Class' by Koop/Schmolke which I believe to be the definitive work on the subject. The Americans met the German crewmen, who were still in Montevideo. The quarry was the Allied convoy JW51B on its way to deliver supplies to the USSR and protected by now fewer than six British destroyers. PRE-WAR. Repairs were completed by March 1941, Lützow returned to Norway to join the forces arrayed against Allied shipping to the Soviet Union. Lützow and the remaining three destroyers would then attack the undefended convoy from the south. Group 5 was tasked with capturing Oslo, the capital of Norway, and transported a force of 2,000 mountain troops from the Wehrmacht. 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