The Syracusans sent their fleet to the Peloponnesians, and the Persians decided to support the Spartans with money and ships. Rising to particular importance in Athenian democracy at this time was Cleon, a leader of the hawkish elements of the Athenian democracy. �Z�+��rI��4���n�������=�S�j�Zg�@R ��QΆL��ۦ�������S�����K���3qK����C�3��g/���'���k��>�I�E��+�{����)��Fs���/Ė- �=��I���7I �{g�خ��(�9`�������S���I��#�ǖGPRO��+���{��\_��wW��4W�Z�=���#ן�-���? 2 are questions on Athens and the other 2 are for Sparta. The plague ravaged the densely packed city, and in the long run, was a significant cause of its final defeat. The Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC) was an ancient Greek war fought by the Delian League led by Athens against the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta.Historians have traditionally divided the war into three phases. Alcibiades, while condemned as a traitor, still carried weight in Athens. First, their foes were lacking in initiative. [16], The more immediate events that led to war involved Athens and Corinth. With its victory at Mantinea, Sparta pulled itself back from the brink of utter defeat, and re-established its hegemony throughout the Peloponnese. stream They were the biggest of rivals, two towering cities at their peak, the most influential cultural, military, and trade powers of western civilization in the first millennium B.C. ", LibriVox: The History of the Peloponnesian War, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peloponnesian_War&oldid=996620383, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 27 December 2020, at 18:25. [13], In 459 BC, Athens took advantage of a war between its neighbors Megara and Corinth, both Spartan allies, to conclude an alliance with Megara, giving the Athenians a critical foothold on the Isthmus of Corinth. Check Out This Informative Sparta Vs. Athens Comparison Chart. Learn all about the similarities and differences of the Greek City-States, Athens and Sparta! /Producer (�� Q t 4 . >> Sparta . At the start of the war, the Athenians had prudently put aside some money and 100 ships that were to be used only as a last resort. They had a few things in common, and throughout history, they were at war with each other for domination and supremacy. Athens was based on a democratic form of government where people were elected on an annual basis. Thasos was an island in northern Aegean and a member of the Delian League which had disagreements with Athens about control of precious metal mines and trade on the mainland. "[7] Indeed, the nearly fifty years of Greek history that preceded the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War had been marked by the development of Athens as a major power in the Mediterranean world. Roughly one-third to two-thirds of the Athenian population died. The fear of plague was so widespread that the Spartan invasion of Attica was abandoned, their troops being unwilling to risk contact with the diseased enemy. "Handle Him with Care: The Importance of Getting Thucydides Right. The Spartans summoned forces from all of their allies, including Athens, to help them suppress the revolt. Athens Homework! Taygetus (2,407 m) and to the east by Mt. %PDF-1.4 Sparta vs AthensBy: Bryce BoganBrains VS BrawnAthens They had a peaceful And well educated society.Sparta They were a strong government based on war and violence. 3 0 obj The longest Spartan invasion, in 430 BC, lasted just forty days. ~��-����J�Eu�*=�Q6�(�2�]ҜSz�����K��u7�z�L#f+��y�W$ �F����a���X6�ٸ�7~ˏ 4��F�k�o��M��W���(ů_?�)w�_�>�U�z�j���J�^�6��k2�R[�rX�T �%u�4r�����m��8���6^��1�����*�}���\����ź㏽�x��_E��E�������O�jN�����X�����{KCR �o4g�Z�}���WZ����p@��~��T�T�%}��P6^q��]���g�,��#�Yq|y�"4";4"'4"�g���X������k��h�����l_�l�n�T ��5�����]Qۼ7�9�`o���S_I}9㑈�+"��""cyĩЈ,��e�yl������)�d��Ta���^���{�z�ℤ �=bU��驾Ҹ��vKZߛ�X�=�JR��2Y~|y��#�K���]S�پ���à�f��*m��6�?0:b��LV�T �w�,J�������]'Z�N�v��GR�'u���a��O.�'uIX���W�R��;�?�6��%�v�]�g��������9��� �,(aC�Wn���>:ud*ST�Yj�3��ԟ��� [35], The overall effect of the war in Greece proper was to replace the Athenian Empire with a Spartan empire. Athens vs. Sparta Ancient Greece was comprised of small city-states, of which Sparta and Athens were two. As prominent historian J. After these battles, the Spartan general Brasidas raised an army of allies and helots and marched the length of Greece to the Athenian colony of Amphipolis in Thrace, which controlled several nearby silver mines; their product supplied much of the Athenian war fund. Through cunning strategy, Lysander totally defeated the Athenian fleet, in 405 BC, at the Battle of Aegospotami, destroying 168 ships and capturing some three or four thousand Athenian sailors. Athens proceeded to bring under its control all of Greece except for Sparta and its allies, ushering in a period which is known to history as the Athenian Empire. Athens vs. Sparta The two rivalries of ancient Greece that made the most racket and created many of the traditions were Athens and Sparta. At each station you will read the text, determine important information, and capture your notes on your graphic organizer. Moreover, Spartan slaves, known as helots, needed to be kept under control, and could not be left unsupervised for long periods of time. Parnon (1,935 m). << Ed. This debate was attended by members of the league and an uninvited delegation from Athens, which also asked to speak, and became the scene of a debate between the Athenians and the Corinthians. Reason One For Choosing AthensOne reason why athens was better than Sparta was because it wasnt as brutal. In Athens people worship their minds. The Athenians did not act solely from altruism: rallied on by Alcibiades, the leader of the expedition, they held visions of conquering all of Sicily. [21] The Athenians, in response, reminded the Spartans of their record of military success and opposition to Persia, and warned them of the dangers of confronting such a powerful state, ultimately encouraging Sparta to seek arbitration as provided by the Thirty Years' Peace. On the level of international relations, Athens, the strongest city-state in Greece prior to the war's beginning, was reduced to a state of near-complete subjection, while Sparta became established as the leading power of Greece. After his defection, Alcibiades claimed to the Spartans that the Athenians planned to use Sicily as a springboard for the conquest of all of Italy and Carthage, and to use the resources and soldiers from these new conquests to conquer the Peloponnese. The delay was costly and forced the Athenians into a major sea battle in the Great Harbor of Syracuse. Demosthenes was chosen and led another fleet to Sicily, joining his forces with those of Nicias. Athens and Sparta are the most well- known city-states of Ancient Greece. [27] There, Cyrus allied with the Spartan general Lysander. This was a direct violation of the Thirty Years' Peace, which had (among other things) stipulated that the Delian League and the Peloponnesian League would respect each other's autonomy and internal affairs. [20], At the request of the Corinthians, the Spartans summoned members of the Peloponnesian League to Sparta in 432 BC, especially those who had grievances with Athens to make their complaints to the Spartan assembly. You should identify at least 4 important facts about each of the stations you visit. Sparta was based on oligarchy and had two rulers. The trial resulted in the execution of six of Athens's top naval commanders. Athens was renowned as a center of wisdom and learning. The Athenians captured 300 Spartan hoplites. The main difference between Athens and Sparta is that Athens was a form of democracy, whereas Sparta was a form of oligarchy.. Athens and Sparta are two prominent Greek rival city-states. Q. By the middle of the century, the Persians had been driven from the Aegean and forced to cede control of a vast range of territories to Athens. The Lacedaemonians were not content with simply sending aid to Sicily; they also resolved to take the war to the Athenians. The economic costs of the war were felt all across Greece; poverty became widespread in the Peloponnese, while Athens was completely devastated, and never regained its pre-war prosperity. Sparta killed babies who werent strong enough and Spartans were told to serve their country before family. Matters nearly came to a head between Sparta and Athens in 465 BC. Sparta was later humbled by Thebes at the Battle of Leuctra in 371 BC, but the rivalry between Athens and Sparta was brought to an end a few decades later when Philip II of Macedon conquered all of Greece except Sparta, which was later subjugated by Philip's son Alexander in 331 BC. Perhaps worst of all, the nearby silver mines were totally disrupted, with as many as 20,000 Athenian slaves freed by the Spartan hoplites at Decelea. Between 410 and 406, Athens won a continuous string of victories, and eventually recovered large portions of its empire. A fifteen-year conflict, commonly known as the First Peloponnesian War, ensued, in which Athens fought intermittently against Sparta, Corinth, Aegina, and a number of other states. For a short period of time, Athens was ruled by the "Thirty Tyrants", and democracy was suspended. The hostages gave the Athenians a bargaining chip. The Persians were slow to furnish promised funds and ships, frustrating battle plans. in Xenophon, Plutarch. While this invasion deprived Athenians of the productive land around their city, Athens itself was able to maintain access to the sea, and did not suffer much. Athens stretched their military activities into Boeotia and Aetolia, quelled the Mytilenean revolt and began fortifying posts around the Peloponnese. The fleet appointed Alcibiades their leader, and continued the war in Athens's name. Demosthenes, however, outmanoeuvred the Spartans in the Battle of Pylos in 425 BC and trapped a group of Spartan soldiers on Sphacteria as he waited for them to surrender. /SMask /None>> Only twelve Athenian ships escaped, and several of these sailed to Cyprus, carrying the strategos (general) Conon, who was anxious not to face the judgment of the Assembly. Sparta is located in the region of Laconia, in the south-eastern Peloponnese. Syracuse, the principal city of Sicily, was not much smaller than Athens, and conquering all of Sicily would have brought Athens an immense amount of resources. /SA true Thucydides was dispatched with a force which arrived too late to stop Brasidas capturing Amphipolis; Thucydides was exiled for this, and, as a result, had the conversations with both sides of the war which inspired him to record its history. Athens is considered to be the home of western civilization. /SM 0.02 Led militarily by a clever new general Demosthenes (not to be confused with the later Athenian orator Demosthenes), the Athenians managed some successes as they continued their naval raids on the Peloponnese. [4][5] The war also wrought subtler changes to Greek society; the conflict between democratic Athens and oligarchic Sparta, each of which supported friendly political factions within other states, made war a common occurrence in the Greek world. Women were able to receive an education, have property, and as girls were trained in group exercises and agility. At the Battle of Sybota, a small contingent of Athenian ships played a critical role in preventing a Corinthian fleet from capturing Corcyra. After defeating the Second Persian invasion of Greece in the year 480 BC, Athens led the coalition of Greek city-states that continued the Greco-Persian Wars with attacks on Persian territories in the Aegean and Ionia. With the death of Cleon and Brasidas, zealous war hawks for both nations, the Peace of Nicias was able to last for some six years. The Spartans, whose intervention would have been the trigger for a massive war to determine the fate of the empire, called a congress of their allies to discuss the possibility of war with Athens. 30 seconds . The rebels quickly secured the support of a Persian satrap, and Athens found itself facing the prospect of revolts throughout the empire. /Type /XObject Corinth and Syracuse were slow to bring their fleets into the Aegean, and Sparta's other allies were also slow to furnish troops or ships. For the earlier war beginning in 460 BC, see, For the book by the Greek historian Thucydides, see, Achaemenid support for Sparta (414–404 BC). That's why I want to tell you about their differences. Their opposition led to the reinstitution of a democratic government in Athens within two years. The location of Rm. With the support of the Athenians, the Argives succeeded in forging a coalition of democratic states within the Peloponnese, including the powerful states of Mantinea and Elis. With the treasury and emergency reserve fund of 1,000 talents dwindling away, the Athenians were forced to demand even more tribute from her subject allies, further increasing tensions and the threat of further rebellion within the Empire. The Athenian Empire, although based in the peninsula of Attica, spread out across the islands of the Aegean Sea; Athens drew its immense wealth from tribute paid from these islands. 6 0 obj [36], A symbolic peace treaty was signed by the mayors of Athens and Sparta 2,400 years after the war ended, on March 12, 1996. Alcibiades demanded that he be put on trial at once, so that he might defend himself before the expedition. The Peloponnesian War reshaped the ancient Greek world. In him, Cyrus found a man who was willing to help him become king, just as Lysander himself hoped to become absolute ruler of Greece by the aid of the Persian prince. Athens and Sparta Comparison. "Lysander,", Last edited on 27 December 2020, at 18:25, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, Kirshner, Jonathan. 1 2 . Alcibiades was not re-elected general by the Athenians and he exiled himself from the city. [22] Undeterred, a majority of the Spartan assembly voted to declare that the Athenians had broken the peace, essentially declaring war.[23]. Athens vs Sparta! Athens and Sparta have their own information sheet where you will find the answers and the other sheet is the questions. The Syracusan cavalry rode them down mercilessly, eventually killing or enslaving all who were left of the mighty Athenian fleet. The people of Syracuse were ethnically Dorian (as were the Spartans), while the Athenians, and their ally in Sicilia, were Ionian. The Spartan way of war was not simply a matter of outstanding individual toughness, strength, or even weaponry skills. Under Gylippus, the Syracusans and their allies were able to decisively defeat the Athenians on land; and Gylippus encouraged the Syracusans to build a navy, which was able to defeat the Athenian fleet when they attempted to withdraw. 2018. In 411 BC this fleet engaged the Spartans at the Battle of Syme. According to Thucydides, the Spartans acted in this way out of fear that the Athenians would switch sides and support the helots; the offended Athenians repudiated their alliance with Sparta. � Many of the citizens of Attica abandoned their farms and moved inside the Long Walls, which connected Athens to its port of Piraeus. "He then assigned to Lysander all the tribute which came in from his cities and belonged to him personally, and gave him also the balance he had on hand; and, after reminding Lysander how good a friend he was both to the Lacedaemonian state and to him personally, he set out on the journey to his father." Demosthenes argued for a retreat to Athens, but Nicias at first refused. The Ionian states that rebelled expected protection, and many rejoined the Athenian side. Seizing its opportunity, the Spartan fleet sailed at once to the Dardanelles, the source of Athens's grain. Despite their victory, these failures caused outrage in Athens and led to a controversial trial. (�f�y�$ ����؍v��3����S}B�2E�����َ_>������.S, �'��5ܠo���������}��ز�y���������� ����Ǻ�G���l�a���|��-�/ ����B����QR3��)���H&�ƃ�s��.��_�l�&bS�#/�/^��� �|a����ܚ�����TR��,54�Oj��аS��N- �\�\����GRX�����G�����‡�r]=��i$ 溻w����ZM[�X�H�J_i��!TaOi�0��W��06E��rc 7|U%���b~8zJ��7�T ���v�������K������OŻ|I�NO:�"���gI]��̇�*^��� @�-�5m>l~=U4!�fO�ﵽ�w賔��ٛ�/�?�L���'W��ӣ�_��Ln�eU�HER `�����p�WL�=�k}m���������=���w�s����]�֨�]. Nicias and Demosthenes marched their remaining forces inland in search of friendly allies. Ancient Greek warfare, meanwhile, originally a limited and formalized form of conflict, was transformed into an all-out struggle between city-states, complete with atrocities on a large scale. What then ensued was a period, referred to as the Pentecontaetia (the name given by Thucydides), in which Athens increasingly became in fact an empire,[8] carrying out an aggressive war against Persia and increasingly dominating other city-states. The Corinthians, the Spartans, and others in the Peloponnesian League sent more reinforcements to Syracuse, in the hopes of driving off the Athenians; but instead of withdrawing, the Athenians sent another hundred ships and another 5,000 troops to Sicily. In 415 BC, Athens dispatched a massive expeditionary force to attack Syracuse, Sicily; the attack failed disastrously, with the destruction of the entire force in 413 BC. In Sparta people worship their bodies. These sanctions, known as the Megarian decree, were largely ignored by Thucydides, but some modern economic historians have noted that forbidding Megara to trade with the prosperous Athenian empire would have been disastrous for the Megarans, and have accordingly considered the decree to be a contributing factor in bringing about the war. Sparta and Athens - these two city-states have been credited for being the cradle of western civilization. He prevented the Athenian fleet from attacking Athens; instead, he helped restore democracy by more subtle pressure. Thus, the two powers were relatively unable to fight decisive battles. Athens maintained its empire through naval power. Instead of attacking at once, Nicias procrastinated and the campaigning season of 415 BC ended with Syracuse scarcely damaged. Threatened with starvation, the Athenian fleet had no choice but to follow. In order to uphold the Thirty Years' Peace, however, the Athenians were instructed not to intervene in the battle unless it was clear that Corinth was going to press onward to invade Corcyra. Corinth and Thebes demanded that Athens should be destroyed and all its citizens should be enslaved, but Sparta refused. It was alleged that the Megarians had desecrated the Hiera Orgas. On the advice of Alcibiades, they fortified Decelea, near Athens, and prevented the Athenians from making use of their land year round. This philosophy, which was present in Athens before the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War, was now running rampant, and it helped provide justification for the Athenian expedition into Sicily, which played an important role in restarting the conflict between Athens and Sparta and also perhaps dooming Athens to defeat. Athens and Sparta. Alarmed, Corcyra sought an alliance with Athens, which after debate and input from both Corcyra and Corinth, decided to swear a defensive alliance with Corcyra. Sparta was known for its military might and prowess, as well as its equality. Facing starvation and disease from the prolonged siege, Athens surrendered in 404 BC,[2] and its allies soon surrendered as well. The three reasons I decided on Athens are its education, government, and economy. Themistocles is forced to an unwilling alliance with the traditional rival of Athens, oligarchic Sparta whose might lies with its superior infantry troops. He also persuaded the Athenian fleet to attack the Spartans at the battle of Cyzicus in 410. In this phase, Sparta, now receiving support from the Achaemenid Empire, supported rebellions in Athens's subject states in the Aegean Sea and Ionia, undermining Athens's empire, and, eventually, depriving the city of naval supremacy. The destruction of Athens's fleet in the Battle of Aegospotami effectively ended the war, and Athens surrendered in the following year. This ushered in the final phase of the war, generally referred to either as the Decelean War, or the Ionian War. The Spartan fleet under Callicratidas lost 70 ships and the Athenians lost 25 ships. [11] >> In the battle, the allied coalition scored early successes, but failed to capitalize on them, which allowed the Spartan elite forces to defeat the forces opposite them. These ships were then released, and served as the core of the Athenians' fleet throughout the rest of the war. However, the Athenian warships participated in the battle nevertheless, and the arrival of additional Athenian triremes was enough to dissuade the Corinthians from exploiting their victory, thus sparing much of the routed Corcyrean and Athenian fleet.[17]. The Lacedaemonians, with their neighbors the Tegeans, faced the combined armies of Argos, Athens, Mantinea, and Arcadia. << Though these are not very far away from each other, there … (S) The Athenian City (polis) and the Spartan empire. Each city-state is different, but they have more in common than one may think. The Original Thucydides Trap: Sparta vs. Athens. Upon arriving, he raised up a force from several Sicilian cities, and went to the relief of Syracuse. The Athenian fleet, the most dominant in Greece, went on the offensive, winning a victory at Naupactus. These two were so close to each other on the map, yet they were so far apart in the way they valued and approached life. With winter approaching, the Athenians were then forced to withdraw into their quarters, and they spent the winter gathering allies and preparing to destroy Syracuse. In 430 BC an outbreak of a plague hit Athens. 4 0 obj endobj The fortification of Decelea prevented the shipment of supplies overland to Athens, and forced all supplies to be brought in by sea at increased expense. /Filter /FlateDecode Prominent among the states that never experienced tyranny was Sparta, a fact remarked on even in antiquity. Lily Natalia Orest "The winter following Tissaphernes put Iasus in a state of defence, and passing on to Miletus distributed a month's pay to all the ships as he had promised at Lacedaemon, at the rate of an Attic drachma a day for each man." However, the city of Athens was by far a much more influential and powerful city-state in comparison to Sparta. [/Pattern /DeviceRGB] Their treasury was nearly empty, its docks were depleted, and many of the Athenian youth were dead or imprisoned in a foreign land. /CreationDate (D:20201003084407+03'00') /Length 7 0 R The Battle of Mantinea was the largest land battle fought within Greece during the Peloponnesian War. After the death of Pericles, the Athenians turned somewhat against his conservative, defensive strategy and to the more aggressive strategy of bringing the war to Sparta and its allies. Is this statement about Sparta, Athens or both of them: Boys start training at age 7 and were in the military until age 60. answer choices . Main Differences Between Athens and Sparta. [28][29][30], Cyrus the Younger would later obtain the support of the Spartans in return, after having asked them "to show themselves as good friend to him, as he had been to them during their war against Athens", when he led his own expedition to Susa in 401 BC in order to topple his brother, Artaxerxes II.[31]. After arriving in Sicily, Alcibiades was recalled to Athens for trial. By Natalie . This tribute was used to support a powerful fleet and, after the middle of the century, to fund massive public works programs in Athens, causing resentment. Relations broke … /AIS false ), which took its name from the geometric motifs that decorate its … SURVEY . Athens and Sparta Comparison Chart and ReadingThis fantastic resource for your Ancient Greece unit features a 1-page reading that describes the major differences between Athens and Sparta. The Athenians felt obliged to assist their ally. [25][26], Facing the resurgence of Athens, from 408 BC, Darius II decided to continue the war against Athens and give stronger support to the Spartans. The Spartans and Athenians agreed to exchange the hostages for the towns captured by Brasidas, and signed a truce. 8 . The Athenians crushed the revolt, and peace was maintained. For a time during this conflict, Athens controlled not only Megara but also Boeotia; at its end, however, in the face of a massive Spartan invasion of Attica, the Athenians ceded the lands they had won on the Greek mainland, and Athens and Sparta recognized each other's right to control their respective alliance systems. This period of the war was concluded in 421 BC, with the signing of the Peace of Nicias. After boasting that he could put an end to the affair in the Assembly, the inexperienced Cleon won a great victory at the Battle of Sphacteria. Sign up for free. Athens vs Sparta Athens vs Sparta. x����_w��q����h���zΞ=u۪@/����t-�崮gw�=�����RK�Rl�¶Z����@�(� �E @�B.�����|�0�L� ��~>��>�L&C}��;3���lV�U���t:�V{ |�\R4)�P�����ݻw鋑�������: ���JeU��������F��8 �D��hR:YU)�v��&����) ��P:YU)�4Q��t�5�v�� `���RF)�4Qe�#a� Early Spartan attempts to break up the coalition failed, and the leadership of the Spartan king Agis was called into question. Weeks later, though, Demosthenes proved unable to finish off the Spartans. Education. However, the Spartans announced their refusal to destroy a city that had done a good service at a time of greatest danger to Greece, and took Athens into their own system. in. He took command of the Syracusan troops, and in a series of battles defeated the Athenian forces, and prevented them from invading the city. /Height 155 We will pass around 4 sheets of paper. Athens vs. Sparta. _abc cc embed * Powtoon is not liable for any 3rd party content used. Historians have traditionally divided the war into three phases. The Peloponnesian War was soon followed by the Corinthian War (394–386 BC), which, although it ended inconclusively, helped Athens regain some of its former greatness. /Width 625 Sparta and Athens represent opposite poles of the social and political development of the Greek city-state. Between the two, there were similarities and differences. 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By eckronat | Updated: April 9, 2018, 8:30 p.m.... Movie! Was then victorious at the disposal of Lysander in the Great Harbor of Syracuse of war was re-elected! To Sparta and Athens surrendered in the battle of Sybota, a country by! Allowed to flee with their lives Civilizations, Sparta pulled itself back from the brink of strategic defeat Mantinea Sparta... East by Mt as a center of wisdom and learning stations you.... Sicily with reinforcements reigns supreme in numbers over sea and land clear understanding of how the two ci Athens Sparta... Connected Athens to its port of Piraeus had two rulers final defeat,..., held on slightly longer, and throughout history, they `` secretly aggrieved. City of Athens, oligarchic Sparta whose might lies with its superior infantry troops served as the core of first... Great Harbor of Syracuse be challenged without several of its empire Pylos began attracting helot.. Between Athens and Sparta have their own information sheet where you will read the text determine!